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First Khutbah:
It is You (Allah) Who created and proportioned what You created, It is You Who ordained and predestined, It is You Who gives life and causes death, It is You Who afflicts with illnesses and cures from them, It is You Who gives health and befalls calamities, It is You Who gives wealth and contentment, It is You Who makes (whom You will) laugh, and makes (whom You will) weep, to You return all affairs (for decision) and to You is the return of everything, and we exist because of You and to You we shall return.
I testify that there is no deity but Allah Alone, and that He has no partners.
Man is keen on his provision as he is keen on his life:
Allah says in the Divine Hadith:
"O My servants, all of you are astray except for those I have guided, so seek guidance of Me and I shall guide you, O My servants, all of you are hungry except for those I have fed, so seek food of Me and I shall feed you. O My servants, all of you are naked except for those I have clothed, so seek clothing of Me and I shall clothe you. O My servants, you sin by night and by day, and I forgive all sins, so seek forgiveness of Me and I shall forgive you. O My servants, you will not attain harming Me so as to harm Me, and will not attain benefitting Me so as to benefit Me. O My servants, were the first of you and the last of you, the human of you and the jinn of you to be as pious as the most pious heart of any one man of you, that would not increase My dominion in anything. O My servants, were the first of you and the last of you, the human of you and the jinn of you to be as wicked as the most wicked heart of any one man of you, that would not decrease My dominion in anything. O My servants, were the first of you and the last of you, the human of you and the jinn of you to rise up in one place and make a request of Me, and were I to give everyone what he requested, that would not decrease what I have, any more that a needle decreases the sea if put into it. O My servants, it is but your deeds that I record for you and then recompense you for. So let him who finds good, praise Allah, and let him who finds other than that blame no one but himself."
And I testify that Sayyidina Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, is the Messenger of Allah.
It was narrated from Jabir bin 'Abdullah that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: "O people, fear Allah and be moderate in seeking a living, for no soul will die until it has received all its provision, even if it is slow in coming. So fear Allah and be moderate in seeking provision; take that which is permissible and leave that which is forbidden. "
O Allah, our Lord! Grant peace and blessings to Sayyidina Muhammad, upon his Family and his Companions, and his descendants, the trustees of his message and leaders of his army, and be pleased with us and them O Lord of the worlds.
Look at that tree
with succulent branches
How it grew from a grain
and how it became a tree
look and say Who
grows fruits on trees?
And look at the sun
that has blazing heat
It gives light and
It spreads its heat
Who created it
in the air like spark?
Look at the night (and say)
Who provided it with a moon
And adorned it with stars
Like spread pearls?
Look at the clouds
Who makes them rain
by which soil turns
into green after being yellow?
He is Allah Who
Showers us with His Graces
Whose Mercy is profound
And His Omnipotence is most powerful
O servants of Allah, I advice you and myself of fearing Allah and I encourage you to obey Him and I will begin with what is good.
Today's Khutbah is about provision.
Man is keen on his provision as much as he is keen on his life, so how does he get rid of worry about provision? How can he protect himself from committing sins for the sake of provision? How can he safeguard himself from being in a humiliating position for the sake of provision?
The money in people's hands belongs to Allah Alone:
What is the Islamic concept of money? Who owns it? How is man entrusted with it, and why should he maintain it? Why has Allah prohibited squandering and wasting money? Why has Islam imposed upon a Muslim to gain his provision by himself? Are there unlawful ways of earning provision unknown to a great many Muslims? How does provision increase according to the Quran and the Prophetic Sunna? I hope that the following paragraphs will have decisive answers to these questions.
Allah has created the heavens and the earth and all the things existing therein. He is the Only Owner of all things in existence. Allah says:
﴾ To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth, and all that is between them, and all that is under the soil.﴿
According to this verse, money, which is in people’s hands, belongs only to Allah. Another evidence is Allah’s Words in the following Ayah:
﴾ And give them something yourselves out of the wealth of Allah which He has bestowed upon you.﴿
In the above Verse, Allah calls money which is in people’s hands Allah’s money, but Allah, the Almighty, favored His servants by making them heirs thereof. Allah says:
﴾ Believe in Allah and His Messenger (Muhammad ), and spend of that whereof He has made you trustees. And such of you as believe and spend (in Allah's Way), theirs will be a great reward.﴿
Money is one of Allah's blessings:
According to the teachings of Islam, Ownership belongs to Allah, Alone; and man has only the right for disposal with the things that Allah bestows upon him including money. Allah, the Almighty, will ask him about this money: how he earned it, and how he spent it.
In this context, Imam Muslim narrated on authority of Abu Sa’id Al-Khoudri (May Allah be pleased with him): The Prophet (PBUH) said:
Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: "The world is sweet and green (alluring); and verily, Allah is making you to succeed each other, generations after generations in it in order to see how you act.".
When ownership of money is attributed to mankind, as in Allah’s Words:
﴾ You shall certainly be tried and tested in your wealth and properties and in your personal selves, and you shall certainly hear much that will grieve you from those who received the Scripture before you (Jews and Christians) and from those who ascribe partners to Allah, but if you persevere patiently, and become Al-Muttaqun (the pious - see V.2:2) then verily, that will be a determining factor in all affairs, and that is from the great matters, [which you must hold on with all your efforts].﴿
This does not mean that man is the owner of money, but rather he has the right to utilize it as a kind of trial and test for him.
According to the Holy Quran, money is one of Allah’s Favors which indicate His Mercy upon man. Allah bestowed it upon His Prophet (PBUH), saying:
﴾ Did He not find you (O Muhammad) an orphan and gave you a refuge? And He found you unaware (of the Qur'an, its legal laws, and Prophethood, etc.) and guided you? And He found you poor, and made you rich (selfsufficient with selfcontentment, etc.)?﴿
Money is a Grace of Allah.
Money is the backbone of life:
Allah called money Good. Allah says:
﴾ It is prescribed for you, when death approaches any of you, if he leaves wealth, that he make a bequest to parents and next of kin, according to reasonable manners. (This is) a duty upon Al-Muttaqun (the pious - see V.2:2).﴿
The Prophet (PBUH) commended money when he said:
((Sound property is very excellent for a sound man))
It was narrated that some of the Prophet’s Companions (May Allah be pleased with them) said “I like to have money whereby I can preserve my honor and draw nearer to my Lord.”
Allah, the Almighty, made clear that money is the essence of life and that people’s lives depend thereon. To this effect, He, All-Mighty, says:
﴾ And give not unto the foolish your property which Allah has made a means of support for you , but feed and clothe them therewith, and speak to them words of kindness and justice.﴿
Some interpreters of the Noble Quran said: this means that you live by it, and if you lose it, you will be lost. Thus, your life depends on it.
Dear brothers, since money is a great Divine Favor and the essence of human life, we should preserve it in order to fulfill our needs thereby. The Verse of Ad-Dain (i.e. debt), (II; 282), which is the longest verse in the Quran, affirms the necessity of preserving money by notarizing debts, calling upon witnesses, and taking guarantees.
Islam prohibits wasting money, with which Allah has entrusted people. The Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Allah has prohibited three things: gossip, much questioning and wasting money.”
In explanation of the above Hadith, Imam An-Nawawi said that wasting money means: spending it unlawfully or exposing it to damage. The reason for this prohibition is because wasting money is conducive to corruption - and Allah does not like those who corrupt - and because whosoever wastes his own money, he is apt to transgress against people’s money, which is utmost corruption.
We are discussing the concept of money in Islam.
Lavishness and squandering:
Dear brothers,
Allah, All-Mighty, strongly prohibits At-Tabtheer (squandering); and He describes squanderers as brother of Satan. Allah says:
﴾ And give to the kindred his due and to the Miskin (poor) and to the wayfarer. But spend not wastefully (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift . [Tafsir. At-Tabari, Vol. 10, Page 158 (Verse 9: 60)]. Verily, spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils), and the Shaitan (Devil - Satan) is ever ungrateful to his Lord.﴿
At-Tabtheer (Squandering) can be precisely defined as: spending money unrightfully and in ways of disobedience to Allah. To this effect, narrated Imam Al-Boukhari: Ibn Abbas (May Allah be pleased with them) said: “Do not squander” means “do not spend money in vain”. Ibn Masa’oud also said: “Do not squander” means “do not spend money unrightfully”. Imam Ash-Shawkani said that Satan is ungrateful, and a squanderer is Satan’s brother; and consequently, a squanderer is ungrateful. If people comprehend and hearken to this fact, and abstain from squandering money in ways of disobedience and corruption, there will be plentiful money to satisfy the essential needs of all mankind. This is At-Tabtheer (squandering), but what about Al-Israf (wastefulness)?
Allah forbade excessive expenditure and stinginess:
One may not spend his money in ways of disobedience but rather in lawful ways, like food, drink, dwelling, clothes, decoration and ornaments …etc. yet one may go beyond bounds of moderation, whether in quantity, quality, or both. Allah says:
﴾ O Children of Adam! Take your adornment (by wearing your clean clothes), while praying and going round (the Tawaf of ) the Ka'bah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allah) likes not Al-Musrifun (those who waste by extravagance).﴿
Allah has legalized eating and drinking, but He has prohibited wastefulness. In his interpretation of the Noble Quran, Ibn ‘Abbas said: “In this verse, Allah has legalized eating and drinking unless wastefully or boastfully.” Some interpreters also said: Grammatically, omitting the object in the phrase
﴾ And eat and drink but waste not by extravagance,﴿
This indicates generalization, which means “do not be wasteful in anything, not only in eating and drinking. Also, Allah says that he does not like those who are wasteful because they wrong themselves, do harm to their bodies, waste their money, and lose their Hereafter. Moreover, Allah has prohibited stinginess which results in blame. Allah says:
﴾ And let not your hand be tied (like a miser) to your neck, nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach (like a spendthrift), so that you become blameworthy and in severe poverty.﴿
In his interpretation of the above Verse, Al-Baidawi said: It comprises a couple of exemplifications that are meant to dispraise and forbid both stinginess and wastefulness and replace them by something moderate and laudable standing in the middle of both extremes, namely generosity.
Ibn kathir also said: Allah’s Words
﴾ So that you become blameworthy and in severe poverty.﴿
…mean that if you are stingy, you will become blameworthy by people; and if you stretch your hand more than your ability, you will become destitute with nothing to spend, just like a riding animal that has become too weak to move on.
Safety lies in moderate expenditure:
Dear brothers, safety is found in Moderation. Narrated Al-Baihaqi on authority of Abu Houraira: The Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Three things are deliverers, and three things are destroyers. The deliverers are: fearing Allah secretly and openly, speaking the truth in content and discontent, and moderation in riches and poverty. The destroyers are: a followed caprice, an obeyed stinginess, and self-admiration, which is the most dangerous of them all.”
Moderation in expenditure is one of the good traits of Allah’s righteous servants who, when they spend, they are not extravagant, nor are they niggardly, but they are moderate. Allah says:
﴾ And those, who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly, but hold a medium (way) between those (extremes).﴿
Dear brothers everywhere, Islam bids Muslims to work and exert every effort for earning livelihood,
At Tabarani narrated on the authority of Anas bin Malik that the prophet PBUH said:
"Seeking lawful livelihood as an obligation upon every Muslim"
This obligation comes directly after religious obligations such as prayer, fast, pilgrimage, and Zakat (almsgiving). Some scholars hold that an amount which is necessary for man to perform obligations is an obligation in itself, because the thing without which obligations can't be performed is an obligation. Hence, earning money is an obligation for paying debts, because paying debts is an obligation. Earning money is an obligation for spending upon one’s wife, children, and parents, because spending upon them is an obligation. Ibn Al-Jawzi narrated that Muhammad Ibn ‘Asem said that whenever Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him) saw a young man that called for his admiration, he would ask whether he had a job or not. If Omar was informed that the man had no job (i.e. idle), he would not show enough respect for him. Ibn Masa’oud (May Allah be pleased with him) said: I hate the man who lazes about doing nothing for the present world or the Hereafter.
Prophets and messengers are examples:
Dear brothers, these texts stress the obligation of seeking a job, now, what about the perfect exemplars of earning livelihood? In fact, the Prophets and Messengers of Allah, (PBUH), were the perfect exemplars of earning livelihood. This is because no human being, even a Prophet or Messenger is above the need of earning a living. To this effect, Allah, Most Gracious, says:
﴾ And We never sent before you (O Muhammad) any of the Messengers but verily, they ate food and walked in the markets. And We have made some of you as a trial for others: will you have patience? And your Lord is Ever All-Seer (of everything).﴿
This means that the Prophets and Messengers are mere human beings that have the same human qualities like other fellow humans, and, being as such, they are good exemplars of human beings. One of their human qualities is that they are in need to have food, and in order to gain it, they are in need to work.
Bukhari narrated that Al Miqdam related that the prophet PBUH said:
"Nobody has ever eaten a better meal than that which one has earned by working with one's own hands. The Prophet (PBUH) of Allah, David used to eat from the earnings of his manual labor."
Our Prophet, Muhammad (PBUH), the leader of all Prophets and Messengers and the most honored and beloved of all mankind in the sight of Allah, All-Mighty, used to pasture sheep, for a little money, for the people of Mecca. In this context, narrated Imam Al-Boukhari on authority of Abu Huraira: The Prophet (PBUH) said:
"Every Prophet has tended sheep." He was asked: "And did you?" He replied: "Yes, I tended them for a few carats for the Makkans."
Hence, work is an honour for man.
The ruler of Muslims should find jobs for the jobless:
Dear brothers, through his directions and attitudes – not as a Prophet and Messenger of this nation, but as the leader thereof – Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made clear that it is the duty of Muslim rulers to provide jobs for the unemployed, to habilitate them psychologically and physically.
Anas ibn Malik narrated : A man of the Ansar came to the Prophet (PBUH) and begged from him.
He (the Prophet) asked: Have you nothing in your house? He replied: Yes, a piece of cloth, a part of which we wear and a part of which we spread (on the ground), and a wooden bowl from which we drink water.
He said: Bring them to me. He then brought these articles to him and he (the Prophet) took them in his hands and asked: Who will buy these? A man said: I shall buy them for one dirham. He said twice or thrice: Who will offer more than one dirham? A man said: I shall buy them for two dirhams.
He gave these to him and took the two dirhams and, giving them to the Ansari, he said: Buy food with one of them and hand it to your family, and buy an axe and bring it to me. He then brought it to him. The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) fixed a handle on it with his own hands and said: Go, gather firewood and sell it, and do not let me see you for a fortnight. The man went away and gathered firewood and sold it. When he had earned ten dirhams, he came to him and bought a garment with some of them and food with the others.
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) then said: This is better for you than that begging should come as a spot on your face on the Day of Judgment. Begging is right only for three people: one who is in grinding poverty, one who is seriously in debt, or one who is responsible for compensation and finds it difficult to pay.
By virtue of the above Hadith, the Prophet (PBUH) habilitated this unemployed man psychologically when he ordered him to bring food to his family in order not to worry about them for a while and to devote himself to work. He also habilitated him materially, when he provided him with a tool to work thereby, after having fixed a stick to the axe the man had bought. The more important thing the Prophet did was that he (PBUH) waited to see the consequences of the man’s work, as he gave him fifteen days in order to see the extent of his success or failure.
Some of the directions that Omar Ibn Al-Khattab used to give to the governors that he appointed were: “Allah has made us His Viceroys over His creatures in order to provide food for them, to preserve their honor, and to provide jobs for them. If we accomplish such things for them, we deserve their gratitude and thankfulness. These hands have been created in order to work; but if they do not find a (decent) work of obedience, they seek (evil) works of disobedience. Therefore, get them involved in (decent) works of obedience before they get you involved in their (evil) works of disobedience.”
Riba is a type of eating up others’ property unjustly:
Dear brothers everywhere, the above-mentioned was about the Islamic concept of money and the lawful ways of earning and spending it, but what about unlawful ways of earning money and eating up people’s money unrightfully? Allah says:
﴾ And eat up not one another's property unjustly (in any illegal way e.g. stealing, robbing, deceiving, etc.), nor give bribery to the rulers (judges before presenting your cases) that you may knowingly eat up a part of the property of others sinfully.﴿
The Verse “And eat up not one another's property …” indicates a serious fact, namely sincere brotherhood, which Muslims should enjoy among themselves. This brotherhood is substantiated by the feeling that your brother’s property is yours; and that it is your duty to preserve it and safeguard it from being wasted or damaged as if it were yours, and, hence, more deservedly, to abstain from eating it up unrightfully.
The Verse also indicates that if you eat up your brother’s property, you weaken him, and, hence weaken your own self as well. It was narrated in “Sahih Al-Boukhari” And “Sahih Muslim” that the Prophet (PBUH) said:
" The whole of a Muslim is inviolable for another Muslim: his blood, his property, and his honour.”
﴾ And eat up not one another's property unjustly (in any illegal way e.g. stealing, robbing, deceiving, etc.), nor give bribery to the rulers (judges before presenting your cases) that you may knowingly eat up a part of the property of others sinfully.﴿
One example of eating up people’s property unjustly is usury, whereby money produces money, work is hindered, unemployment spreads, prices go up, money becomes monopolized by rich people, and the gap between the poor and the rich becomes wider.
Imam Muslim narrated that Jabir said that Allah's Messenger (PBUH) cursed the accepter of interest and its payer, and one who records it, and the two witnesses, and he said:
They are all equal.
Deceit is a type of eating others’ properties unjustly:
Another example of eating up people’s property unjustly is cheating, which is of many kinds and forms, most of which are attributed to deception by showing something and concealing another within it, as when one lies in describing something, like, for instance, to describe a bad thing as being good or a cheap commodity as being expensive. It is cheating to mingle a bad commodity with a good one and to sell them as if they were both good, or when a seller claims falsely that he has bought a commodity for so-and-so in order to conceal his real profit thereof. It is cheating to conceal defects or to defraud in weights, measures, numbers, length, or size…etc. It is cheating to hide place of manufacture or production of a commodity or its date of expiry, or to change its qualities. It is cheating to show a certain commodity in such a way as to make it seem better than it really is or to hide the bad qualities thereof. It is cheating to allure a customer to buy a bad out-of-date or little-in-demand commodity or overcharge him, which is a most grievous kind of injustice and transgression.
The prophet PBUH said:
((Exploiting the customer's ignorance is Haram))
Islam also strongly prohibits customers to underestimate commodities or exploit the seller’s ignorance of the real value or price of his commodity. That is why the Messenger of Allah, (PBUH), forbade receiving new comers to the market-place because they might be ignorant of the real price of their commodities.
Monopoly is a type of eating others’ properties unjustly:
Dear brothers, a third example of eating up people’s property unjustly is monopoly, which can be defined as: withholding a commodity and abstaining from selling it until its price becomes higher than usual because of its scarcity, non-existence or bad need thereof. Imam Abu Yousuf said: “Everything whose withholding causes harm to people is monopoly.” Some scholars also hold: “Every deception which results in increasing the demand for a certain commodity and scarcity thereof, in order to increase its price, is monopoly.” This is because the extra profit, which a monopolist gains, is unlawful, for it is not in return for an extra amount of commodity, improvement of the qualities thereof, or an extra service offered by the seller. Also, this extra price is not charged out of the real contentment of the buyer but rather his urgent need of the commodity, which he is forced to buy for more than its real value.
By virtue of a great many Prophetic Hadiths, a monopolist is cursed, wrongful and deprived of the Mercy of Allah, All-Mighty, Who promises him to enter Hell-Fire. The Prophet (PBUH) said:
Narrated Ma'mar bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (PBUH) said: "None withholds goods till the price rises but a sinner."
He also said:
It was narrated from 'Umar bin Khattab that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:
"The importer is blessed with provision and the hoarder is cursed."
And he said:
"Whosoever monopolizes food in order to raise its price and gain extra profit is disconnected with Allah and deprived of His Mercy."
And he said:
"How evil a monopolist is! If Allah decreases prices, he is discontented; and if He increases them, he is pleased."
The prophet PBUH praised whosoever abstains from monopolizing, out of fear from Allah and mercy to fellow humans, he said:
“Whosoever imports food and sells it at its proper update price, it is as if he has given it away for charity.”
Some unlawful ways of earning livelihood might be unknown to many Muslims; but such evil ones as gambling, stealing, Ghulul (taking something unlawfully from booties before distribution thereof), bribery, usurpation, and plunder, are common and well-known examples of eating up people’s property unjustly.
Ways of increasing provision:
1- Istiqamah (steadfastness)
Dear brothers, now, the question is: Is there any means to increase provision mentioned in the Noble Quran and the Prophetic Sunna?! Taking into consideration that every man is keen on increasing his provision, I put forward some texts and leave it up to dear readers to deduce the relevant rules.
First Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and Uprightness?
Allah, Most Gracious, says:
﴾ If they (non-Muslims) had believed in Allah, and went on the Right Way (i.e. Islam) We should surely have bestowed on them water (rain) in abundance.﴿
He also says:
﴾ And if the people of the towns had believed and had the Taqwa (piety), certainly, We should have opened for them blessings from the heaven and the earth, but they belied (the Messengers). So We took them (with punishment) for what they used to earn (polytheism and crimes, etc.).﴿
2- Salah:
Second Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and Prayer?
Consider Allah’s Words:
﴾ And enjoin As-Salat (the prayer) on your family, and be patient in offering them [i.e. the Salat (prayers)]. We ask not of you a provision (i.e. to give Us something: money, etc.); We provide for you. And the good end (i.e. Paradise) is for the Muttaqun (pious).﴿
3- Istigfar (asking Allah forgiveness):
Third Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and Asking Allah’s Forgiveness?
Contemplate Allah’s Words:
﴾ "I said (to them): 'Ask forgiveness from your Lord; Verily, He is Oft-Forgiving; 'He will send rain to you in abundance; 'And give you increase in wealth and children, and bestow on you gardens and bestow on you rivers.' "﴿
4- Gratefulness:
Fourth Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and being grateful to Allah?
Deliberate Allah’s Words:
﴾ And (remember) when your Lord proclaimed: "If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and worshipping none but Allah), I will give you more (of My Blessings), but if you are thankless (i.e. disbelievers), verily! My Punishment is indeed severe."﴿
5- Maintaining kinship ties:
Fifth Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and maintenance of kinship ties?
Consider the Holy Prophet’s words:
"Anyone who wants to have his provision expanded and his term of life prolonged should maintain ties of kinship."
6- Sadaqah (Alms giving):
Sixth Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and giving charities?
It was narrated in Prophetic Tradition:
“Seek increase of Provision by giving charities, for charities increase Provision.”
Charity brings about provision.
7- Trustworthiness:
Seventh Question: Is there a relationship between Provision and honesty?
Consider the following Hadith:
“Honesty is Riches”
In the every sense of the word, Honesty is the best policy; and an honest person wins not only people’s money but their trust and confidence as well.
8- Perfection of one's work:
Eighth question: Is there a relationship between Provision and perfection of one’s work?
Contemplate the following Hadith:
“Allah loves that if a slave (of His) does something to do it well.”
In other words, he who does his job well is loved not only by Allah, All-Mighty, but by other fellow humans as well; and, consequently, his provision is enlarged.
Teach us what is beneficial to us and let us benefit from it and increase our knowledge, and praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds
Second Khutbah:
The living model:
Dear brothers, to wrap up, principles, values, and ideals do not exist except through a living model that substantiates them and turns them into actual realities. In other words, a living model is an eternal human pattern and model for the forthcoming generations.
Abu Haneefah an-Nu’maan, may Allah have mercy on his soul, the great scholar, dignified his science and his person by insisting on working to earn his living. He knew well that nothing tastes better than food earned with one’s own labor. Therefore, he dedicated part of his precious time to trade in textile. He had a famous shop, were people headed to find honest dealing and righteous trading. They also found great taste. He used to take the money and use it well. At the end of every year, he would calculate his profit, take from it the amount that covers his expenses, then use the rest to buy the needs of the reauthorrs (of Qur’an), narrators (of Hadeth), scholars, knowledge seekers, and cover the cost of their subsistence and clothing.
Abu-Haneefah, the great scholar, set a great example to people in earning a living.
